The formulas
- NOPAT = EBIT x (1 - tax rate)
- Capital charge = invested capital x WACC
- EVA = NOPAT - capital charge = (ROIC - WACC) x invested capital
How it works
Net income charges for debt through interest but treats equity as free. EVA charges for all capital at the weighted cost. A positive EVA means the business earned more than its investors require. A negative EVA means it shrank value even if it reported a profit.
Practitioners adjust accounting figures before computing EVA, for example by capitalizing research and development or adding operating leases to invested capital. Apply the same adjustments every year so the trend is meaningful.
Illustrative figures only. Check the result against your firm's methodology before relying on it.
Common questions
Which invested capital balance do I use?
Opening or average capital for the year. Use the same choice every period.
How does EVA tie to market value?
The present value of expected future EVA equals market value added: firm value less invested capital.
Can a growing firm have negative EVA?
Yes. Growth at an ROIC below WACC adds capital faster than it adds return.
Formulas on this page are the standard definitions.
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