The formulas
- Credit before limit = lesser of qualified expenses and $17,670 (a special needs child receives $17,670)
- Reduction ratio = (modified AGI - $265,080) / $40,000, between 0 and 1
- Credit = credit before limit x (1 - ratio)
- Refundable portion: up to $5,120
How it works
Section 23 gives a credit for qualified adoption expenses. For 2026, Rev. Proc. 2025-32 sets the maximum at $17,670, phases it out for modified AGI from $265,080 to $305,080, and sets $5,120 as the refundable amount.
Expenses paid before the adoption is final are claimed in the following year, and expenses paid in or after the year the adoption becomes final are claimed in the year paid. Unused credit carries forward up to five years. Employer adoption assistance has a separate exclusion with the same limit and phase-out in section 137.
Illustrative figures only. Check the result against your firm's methodology before relying on it.
Common questions
Does a special needs adoption need expenses?
Rev. Proc. 2025-32 states the credit allowed for adopting a child with special needs is $17,670 for 2026. This tool uses that amount.
Is there a similar employer benefit?
Yes. Section 137 excludes employer adoption assistance up to the same $17,670 with the same phase-out.
Does the credit carry forward?
Yes, up to five years after the year the credit arose.
Sources
- 26 U.S.C. §23 Adoption expenses, Cornell Legal Information Institute
- IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32 (2026 inflation adjusted items)
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